Orphan, Stale and Uncle-blocks in the mining Bitcoin and Ethereum. What is the difference and how much to bring

Sometimes, your reward for found block of the cryptocurrency or less than usual or not at all. It is interesting to understand the mining and understand why this is happening? Well, this article is about, only the first read .


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Block chain block chain

Someone will say “it's all clear” and will be right, but let's take a look at the essence of the chain. On average, every 10 minutes in Bitcoin network there is a new block, and Ethereum, it takes 14 seconds. In each unit there is information about what block was in front of him. Because of this and builds a chain of blocks — index. You can compare it with a numbered list or Excel table. Passes do not exist. Number 1 is always number 2 and 3 will be 4.

Each node=a node=a computer on the network cryptocurrency is associated with others, and constantly exchanges information with them. Read more about the work of the cryptocurrency nod and possible problems read . For example, the last unit in the network cryptocurrencies has the number 100. All miners of the world would solve the same problem and seeking a solution of the block 101. As soon as you find a miner (or mining pool) sends through its node in the solution network. For a few seconds, and even milliseconds usually, all nodes in the network receive information about the new unit 101. Check that the unit is honest, no cheating, and then further forward block 102.

Question: what happens if 2 miner found a solution to block 101 at the same time? For example, in a network of 100 nodes. Miner And found a solution to block a little earlier and managed to pass information about the block at 60 knots. Miner B did the work late and have time to tell about the found decision block 40 knots. Does this mean that the A — good and B — not? Not a fact. Consider these subtleties in detail on the example of the coins of BTC and ETH.

Important point. to Take and usurp someone else's solution unit will not work. Network cryptocurrencies are protected from this sort of theft. The decision block from the miner And is not suitable for miner B, he will not be able to pass it off as his own.

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What are the different types of blocks in the Bitcoin blockchain

If anything, the 10 minute per block average time, in fact it could be as little as several seconds or even a few hours. For example, the blocks go quickly, or nodes communicate with each other very quickly.

The Miners A and B have found a solution to block 101 at the one and the same time. 60% of the gcd received a new block from miner And 40 per cent from miner B. currently, both of these unit absolutely honest, legal, valid, whatever. Immediately after that, the miners who listened to And I found another 2 blocks, and miners who have listened to, found another 3 blocks.

How to decide whose chain are correct? The solution is simple. Followers of the miner B chain is longer, so it is true. The followers of the miner And, unfortunately, worked in vain. For my blocks, they get nothing.

Remember that we have an index, a numbered list? So, in the end, it gets a block 101, which found miner B, and then the next 3 blocks found by his followers numbered 102, 103 and 104. The unit that found the miner And in the index were not included. He left without a father, his “cut”, so such a block is called an orphan — Orphan. The good news: he is survived by 2 children, blocks which were found for him. The bad news: the reason these blocks are there, they are called Stale, in terms of Russian “foul”. Such are mothers and daughters.

In fact, of course, it is unlikely that the node will wait that long. Even in the presence of the following unit 102 after the controversial 101 block all cryptocurrency network will switch to this branch and discard the other.

Orphan and Stale blocks are often confused. From the point of view of the miner Bitcoin makes no sense neither in that, nor in another, and the miner gets nothing. These blocks are called rejected or Reject/Rejected.

To sum up, Bitcoins come from the following blocks:

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• normal (valid) — blocks included in the block chain of Bitcoin. Found the miner receives a reward.
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• Orphan (orphan) — the block whose block chain of Bitcoin no predecessor (parent). For Orphan-block, the miner gets nothing.
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• Stale (the descendant of the orphans) — a block that is not included in the Bitcoin block chain because the predecessor is a Orphan block. In other words, the chain starts with block orphans. For Stale block, the miner gets nothing.

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What are the different types of blocks in the blockchain Ethereum

The Average time unit in the network is much smaller than Bitcoin: 14 seconds vs 10 minutes. Obviously, the problem of Orphan and Stale blocks should meet more often, and therefore the single work of miners in theory should be great. Fortunately, in practice it is different. The developers of this cryptocurrency has introduced the so-called (Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree).

The Meaning of simple GHOST — miners who find Orphan and Stale blocks also get a reward, although their size and is less than the amount for normal blocks. Such blocks in Ethereum and all the other Dagger-Hashimoto cryptocurrencies began to call Uncle. In Russian it sounds like “uncle.”

Uncle-blocks also solve the problem of centralization of the network. If they were not, the situation would be strange. In such a small time unit of a large pool would work much more efficient and just killed the young competitors, which have long reached the information about new blocks. In turn, they would have churned out a useless Orphan/Stale blocks without end.

Ethereum are the following:

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• normal (valid) — blocks included in the block chainBitcoin. Found the miner receives a reward.
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• Uncle — block that would online Bitcon called Orphan or Stale. This block is not included in the main branch. The miner gets for his more modest remuneration compared to conventional block.

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the Reward for Uncle-blocks in Ethereum

All of the Ether may be of 7 “nestings” anklav, if I may say so. In Bitcoin it would be 1 6 the Orphan and Stale blocks for him. In Ethereum remuneration for Uncle calculated using the following formula:

In Simple words, if the remuneration for an ordinary block — 3 ETH, Uncle will get 1/8 less.

The first Uncle will receive 2,625 ETH, next of 2.25 ETH, then ETH of 1.87 and so on up to 0,375 ETH. However, as a rule, Uncle-branch rarely goes far. For the first, the second Uncle block node miner understands what went wrong and switches to mining the main chain.

To See the smallest details of mining Ethereum will help elegant infographics in real-time called . It shows the main chain and chain anklav. Mesmerizing.

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