What is cryptocurrency Dash? A brief overview

Today, probably no one left who knows something about bitcoins and cryptocurrencies. But despite the fact that Bitcoin is a perfect example of a decentralized, peer-to-peer cash when it comes to privacy, he has little to offer. In addition to the openness of the transaction, the time and cost of validation is so high that bitcoins, like gold, it is impractical to use for your everyday needs.

If you look at this graph, it turns out that if you pay the lowest possible commissions will have to wait at least 13 minutes, until the check clears. Evan Duffield realized this problem and came up with a solution.

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What is a Dash and what is the advantage of this cryptocurrency?

Evan Duffield came across Bitcoin in 2010 and was very impressed with the technology. However, the slow speed of transactions and lack of privacy is not particularly impressed him. He offered a lot of ideas the Bitcoin community about how to improve the core of the system, but no one even batted an eye, because to change the source code of Bitcoin nobody wants.

So he decided to take the core Bitcoin Core as a basis and to make their cryptocurrency. 18 Jan 2014 born on the Dash. First it was called Xcoin, DarkCoin later. Finally, it was renamed to Dash, short for Digital Cash ("digital cash").

This is a command Dash:

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Controversial instant mining

In the first two days of the launch was nominee 1.9 million coins (about 10% of the common stock that will ever be). Evan Duffield said it was due to a bug that appeared when the code Litecoin was forgot when you create a Dash. Duffield suggested solution:

Restart the coin. To carry out airdrop (distribution) to the original distribution was wider.

The Community is, however, equally poorly responded to both proposals. Most kamineni coins were distributed later on the stock exchanges at very low prices.

Before we dive into the Dash study and learn the beauty of cryptocurrency, let's learn the most basic.

Hard cap (hard plank) Dash 18 million coins. That is, a total of 18 million Dash. At the time of this writing, the appeal of the order of 7.85 million coins.

Each coin is worth about $ 700, and total capitalization is $ 5.4 billion. Average time hashing of a block is 2.5 minutes, which is 4 times faster than Bitcoin (10 minutes into the search block when mining).

Dash also varies the award for the block, which decreases to 7.1% per year.

Now let's look at the unique features of Dash.

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Feature Dash #1: masternode

Full nodes, or node, is a server running in a P2P network which allows peer nodes to obtain each other's updates on events in the network. It is easy to guess that the nodes require maintenance and care. For this reason, the number of nodes does not grow as fast as one would assume. Because of this, the propagation time of the block increases significantly.

Ideally, miners would want to found them the blocks spread across the network as quickly as possible. Every second of delay increases the chances that another miner wins the race to block and add their blocks to the network before the other.

And to increase the number of full nodes, you need something to attract their owners. Therefore, the technical document (whitepaper) Dash offers the following:

"These nodes is extremely important for the health of the network. They provide customers the ability to synchronize and quickly communicate messages to the network. We propose to add a secondary network — Dash Masternode. These nodes will always be available and will provide the necessary level of service for the network in exchange for participation in the program rewards mastered".

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What is masternode?

Masternode is as full nodes in the Bitcoin network (that is, a fully loaded and synchronized separately stored root Bitcoin Core wallet, with a full history of all transactions), only masternode must provide certain network services and must have a serious investment in the system. To start masternode, you need to invest 1000 DASH.

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Question: why do we need so much to invest in masternode?

In exchange for services rendered, masternode will pay dividends from the investment. It is, in fact, is attracting people to masternode in the best interests of the ecosystem. Dash was the first cryptocurrency, which introduced a model of mastered in the Protocol.

Masternode create a network of the second level, following the algorithm proof-of-service ("proof of service") and are available on top of the normal network of miners. Such a two-level system creates a synergy between proof-of-service and proof-of-work in Dash.

As soon As masternode is activated, it starts to perform a variety of functions, like InstantSend and PrivateSend. It can also participate in the voting. Since the work of masternode requires certain costs in order to encourage operators nodes, they need to reward. The award usually amounts to 45% of the Commission fee for the unit. But there are nuances.

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the reward System mastered

As the number of active mastered in the Dash system changes, the remuneration also varies in accordance with the following formula:

(n/t)*r*b*a

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Where n is the number of mastered under the control of the operator; the

• t — total number of mastered;
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• r — the current reward per block (now 3,6 DASH);
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• b — number of blocks in an average day (usually 576);
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• a — the average payout masternode (45% block)

ROI, or return on investment, masternode can be calculated as:

((n/t)*r * b*a*365) / 1000

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Appeal to masterdam

Masternode can be used for quick and safe solutions to important problems. To increase the speed, you can select N pseudo-random masternode from the network to complete the task. These masternode, in fact, can perform the task without the need for the participation of the entire network. This is a significant difference from Bitcoin, the network where every node participates in the creation of consensus.

The Pseudorandom selection is performed using the following algorithm.

How does proof-of-service

As you know, masternode have a huge impact on the system. Therefore, they need to make the most Byzantine fault-tolerant (). This means that the system should work smoothly, even if some masternode drop out of the scheme.

Masternode may be flawed for several reasons. Either it is driven by a bad operator, or by an attacker. In any case, it can be dangerous to the ecosystem if masternode will not be online or will work on the incorrect height of the block. To ensure that masternode work as they should, the Dash uses the Protocol as a proof-of-service or "proof of service".

To negate the impact that can have masternode intruders on the system, nodes have to ping (test) the rest of the network to ensure they remain active. Network masternet provides it, choosing two of the quorum in each block.

And checks the Quorum service quorum B block by block.

A Quorum is the closest node to the current hash block, and quorum B — the farthest nodes from the hash.

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• Masternode And (1) check masternode B (rank 2300)
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• Masternode And (2) check masternode B (rank 2299)
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• Masternode And (3) check masternode B (rank 2298)

Approximately 1% of the network is checked for each block, which means that the entire network is checked 6 times a day. Nodes are selected randomly by a system of quorum, so the system could be trusted. Each node is allowed six violations, after which it is deactivated.

So, imagine Alice in the role of attacker who wants to pollute the ecosystem of the Dash. She needs to be selected six times to successfully break the system. If not, the system will cancel all previous violations. The only way to be selected six times in a row run more mastered. But, as we have seen, for this it will have to gamble their money (1000 Dash on masternode).

For example, she managed to accumulate some money. What's next?

In the table above:

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• n is the total number of nodes controlled by the attacker
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• t — total number of masternode in the network
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• r — depth circuit

The table shows that if Alice invests 1 million Dash in and create 1000 mastered, it will have a chance to succeed in 0,6755%. The chances are pretty low. From attack Sybil DASH network can be considered secure.

How else is she going to cheat the system.

To answer this question, you need to conduct a thought experiment.

At the time of writing, 1 Dash costs about $ 700. 1500 mastered in Dash costs about 1 000 000 000 dollars. Suppose someone really decided to invest a billion dollars of his own money to the system. What he can now hope for? To act against the interests of the system and guarantee that you will lose a part of his fortune. In the event of a successful attack crypto currency will depreciate, that's sure.

Alternatively, you can do everything possible to value of your share has increased. High probability that the last option would be most preferable.

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Feature #2: PrivateSend

In short, PrivateSend supports interchangeability (fungibility), exchanging coins among users to break the track the history of coins.

Now, let's look in more detail.

Before we start to make out, how it works PrivateSend, we need to understand the concept of CoinJoin.

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What is CoinJoin?

CoinJoin is a method of anonymization proposed for bilinovich transactions Gregory Maxwell. It is based on this idea: "When you want to make a payment, find someone else who wants to make a payment and make a joint payment".

It looks like the schematic diagram CoinJoin:

To...